Life course social mobility, race and tooth loss in adulthood: The role of dental health services.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the extent to which dental care factors in adulthood modify and, at the same time, mediate the association between race/ethnicity and social mobility from childhood to adulthood with two oral health outcomes in adults. METHODS: In 2012, 1222 individuals 20-59 years old participated in the second wave of the Epi-Floripa Study in Florianopolis, Brazil. Exposures included social mobility based on adulthood and childhood events, dental care in previous years, type of dental care coverage, reason for dental visits and race. The number of missing and decayed teeth were dichotomised as MT >0 and DT >0. RESULTS: The prevalence of missing and decayed teeth was 61.9% and 23.0%, respectively. Age-sex adjusted inequalities in decayed and missing teeth among Black and White individuals were 41.2 percentage points (pp) (95% CI: 3.9-78.7) and 53.1 pp (19.5:86.7), respectively. Inequalities between those persistently higher and lower in socioeconomic position were 42.6 pp (14.6-70.7) and 90.0 pp (62.1-100). The Relative Excess of Risk due to Interaction (RERI) was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analyses showed that dental care variables accounted for a small proportion of inequalities. CONCLUSIONS: This result implies that dental care is unlikely to significantly reduce or increase oral health inequalities in this particular population.

Socioeconomic inequality in hospital case fatality rate and care among children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 in Brazil / Desigualdade socioeconômica na letalidade e no cuidado hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes internados por COVID-19 no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association of hospital case fatality rate and care received by children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Brazilian municipalities and regions of residence. Methods: Data were collected from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The dichotomous outcomes analyzed were hospital case fatality rate of COVID-19, biological samples collected for COVID-19 diagnosis, X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, use of ventilatory support, and intensive care unit hospitalization. The covariates were municipal GDP per capita and the Brazilian region of residence. Poisson regression was used for the outcomes recorded in 2020 and 2021 in Brazil, covering the two COVID-19 waves in the country, adjusted for age and gender. Results: The hospital case fatality rate was 7.6%. In municipalities with lower GDP per capita deciles, the case fatality rate was almost four times higher among children and twice as high in adolescents compared to cities with higher deciles. Additionally, residents of municipalities with lower GDP per capita had fewer biological samples collected for diagnosis, X-ray examinations, and CT scans. We found regional disparities associated with case fatality rate, with worse indicators in the North and Northeast regions. The findings remained consistent over the two COVID-19 waves. Conclusion: Municipalities with lower GDP per capita, as well as the North and Northeast regions, had worse indicators of hospital case fatality rate and care.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a letalidade e o cuidado hospitalar recebido por crianças e adolescentes internados por COVID-19 e o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita dos municípios brasileiros e a região de residência. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Analisaram-se como desfechos dicotômicos a letalidade hospitalar por COVID-19, a coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico de COVID-19, a realização de exames raio X e tomografia, o uso de suporte ventilatório e a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva. As covariáveis foram o PIB municipal per capita e a região brasileira de residência. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson para os desfechos registrados em 2020 e 2021 no Brasil e segundo o período compreendido em duas ondas de COVID-19 no país, ajustando-a por idade e sexo. Resultados: A letalidade hospitalar foi de 7,6%. Nos municípios dos menores decis de PIB per capita a letalidade foi quase quatro vezes maior entre crianças e duas vezes mais elevada entre adolescentes quando comparada àquela dos maiores decis. Adicionalmente, os residentes de municípios com menor PIB per capita realizaram menos coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico, exames de raio X e tomografias. Foram encontradas disparidades regionais associadas à letalidade, com piores indicadores nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Os achados mantiveram-se consistentes durante as duas ondas de COVID-19. Conclusão: Em municípios com menor PIB per capita e das regiões Norte e Nordeste houve piores indicadores de letalidade e cuidado hospitalar.

Influence of alcohol and tobacco consumption on maternal and perinatal outcomes of puerperal women attended at the Brazilian National Health System / Influência do consumo de álcool e tabaco em desfechos maternos e perinatais de puérperas atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy with maternal and child health conditions. Methods: cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of pregnant women living in Santa Catarina who conducted prenatal care and childbirth in the public national health service in 2019. A face-to-face survey questionnaire was applied to 3,580 pregnant women including maternal health issues during pregnancy and perinatal health of the newborn. Crude logistic regression analyzes were performed and adjusted for socio-demographic and maternal health conditions. Results: the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy was 7.2% and 9.3%, respectively. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy increased the chance of maternal anemia by 45% (CI95%=1.09-1.91), increased the chance of gestational diabetes by 73% (CI95%=1.14-2.63) and reduced the chance of hypertension (OR=0.59; CI95%=0.37-0.94). Tobacco consumption doubled the chance of low birth weight (OR=2.16; CI95%=1.33-3.51). Conclusion: the consumption of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy increased the chance of maternal health complications, such as anemia and gestational diabetes, while tobacco increased the chance of low birth weight.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre o consumo de álcool e de tabaco durante a gravidez com condições de saúde maternas e da criança. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de gestantes residentes em Santa Catarina que realizaram o pré-natal e o parto na rede pública do estado em 2019. Foi aplicado questionário face-a-face com 3.580 gestantes incluindo questões de saúde maternas durante a gestação e saúde perinatal do recém-nascido. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística brutas e ajustadas para condições sócio-demográficas e de saúde maternas. Resultados: as prevalências de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e de tabaco durante a gestação foram de 7,2% e 9,3%, respectivamente. O consumo de álcool durante a gestação aumentou em 45% a chance de anemia materna (IC95%=1,09-1,91) e em 73% a de diabetes gestacional (IC95%=1,14-2,63) e reduziu a chance de hipertensão (OR=0,59; IC95%=0,37-0,94). O consumo de tabaco dobrou a chance de baixo peso gestacional ao nascer (OR=2,16; IC95%=1,33-3,51). Conclusão: o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação aumentou a chance de intercorrências de saúde maternas, como anemia e diabetes gestacional, enquanto o tabaco aumentou a chance de baixo peso ao nascer.

Area-level inequalities in Covid-19 outcomes in Brazil in 2020 and 2021: An analysis of 1,894,165 severe Covid-19 cases.

The study aims to analyze inequalities in Covid-19 outcomes in Brazil in 2020/2021 according to the per capita Gross Domestic Product (pcGDP) of municipalities. All cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) who were hospitalized or died, regardless of hospitalization, registered in Brazil in 2020 and 2021 were analyzed (n = 2,902,742), including those with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 (n = 1,894,165). We calculated lethality due to Covid-19, the performance of diagnostic tests among patients with SARS, and the hospital care received by those with Covid-19 according to the pcGDP of the patients' municipalities of residence. Data were analyzed for each epidemiological week and the risk of each outcome was estimated using Poisson regression. Municipalities in the lowest pcGDP decile had (i) 30% (95%CI 28%-32%) higher lethality from Covid-19, (ii) three times higher proportion of patients with SARS without the collection of biological material for the diagnosis of Covid-19, (iii) 16% (95%CI 15%-16%) higher proportion of SARS patients testing in a period longer than two days from the onset of symptoms, (iv) 140% (95%CI 134%-145%) higher absence of CT scan use. There is deep socioeconomic inequality among Brazilian municipalities regarding the occurrence of Covid-19 negative outcomes.

[Prevalence rates and inequalities in access to medicines by users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in 2013 and 2019]. / Prevalências e desigualdades no acesso aos medicamentos por usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil em 2013 e 2019.

The study aimed to analyze and compare the prevalence of access to medicines and associated factors among users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The authors analyzed data from the 2013 and 2019 editions of the Brazilian National Health Survey, a nationwide health study, representative of the Brazilian population. The outcomes were: (1) obtaining from the SUS all the medicines prescribed during care received in the SUS itself in the two weeks prior to the interview (2) and obtaining all the medicines, regardless of the source. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were included as independent variables. In 2019, 29.7% of the interviewees obtained all the prescribed medicines from the SUS, 81.8% obtained all the medicines in general (considering all sources), and 56.4% paid some amount for the medicines. The proportion who did obtain any medicine from the SUS and that made some out-of-pocket payment increased from 2013 to 2019. The likelihood of obtaining all the medicines in the SUS was higher among the poorest, and that of obtaining the medicines regardless of source was higher among the wealthiest. Approximately two out of three persons that were unable to access all the medicines reported difficulties obtaining them in services funded by the public sector. There was an increase in out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Brazil and a reduction in access through the SUS, among users of the system.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e comparar a prevalência, a forma de obtenção e os fatores associados ao acesso a medicamentos entre usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. Foram analisados os dados das edições 2013 e 2019 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, estudo de abrangência nacional e representativo da população brasileira. Os desfechos foram: (1) a obtenção total, por meio do SUS, dos medicamentos prescritos em atendimentos em saúde realizados no próprio SUS nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista, e (2) a obtenção total dos medicamentos independentemente da fonte. Características demográficas e socioeconômicas foram incluídas como variáveis independentes. Em 2019, observou-se que 29,7% dos entrevistados obtiveram no SUS todos os medicamentos prescritos, que 81,8% tiveram acesso total aos medicamentos quando consideradas todas as fontes de obtenção e que 56,4% pagaram algum valor pelos medicamentos. A proporção de pessoas que não obtiveram nenhum medicamento no SUS e que efetuaram algum desembolso direto aumentou entre 2013 e 2019. A probabilidade de obter todos os medicamentos no SUS foi maior entre os mais pobres, e de consegui-los, independentemente da fonte, foi maior entre os mais ricos. Dentre as pessoas que não conseguiram acesso a todos os medicamentos, aproximadamente duas em cada três indicaram como principal motivo dificuldades de obtenção encontradas em serviços financiados pelo setor público. Verificou-se ampliação do desembolso direto para compra de medicamentos no Brasil e redução de acesso pelo SUS entre usuários do sistema.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y comparar la prevalencia, la forma de obtención y los factores asociados al acceso a los medicamentos entre los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en Brasil. Se analizaron los datos de las ediciones 2013 y 2019 de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, un estudio de cobertura nacional y representativo de la población brasileña. Los resultados fueron: (1) la obtención total, a través del SUS, de los medicamentos prescritos en los servicios de salud realizados en el propio SUS en las dos semanas anteriores a la entrevista, y (2) la obtención total de los medicamentos independientemente de la fuente. Las características demográficas y socioeconómicas se incluyeron como variables independientes. En 2019 se observó que el 29,7% de los entrevistados obtuvo todos los medicamentos prescritos en el SUS, que el 81,8% tuvo acceso total a los medicamentos al considerar todas las fuentes de obtención y que el 56,4% pagó por los medicamentos. La proporción de personas que no obtuvieron ningún medicamento en el SUS y que realizaron algún gasto directo aumentó entre 2013 y 2019. Entre los pobres, la probabilidad de obtener todos los medicamentos del SUS fue mayor, y entre los más ricos también fue mayor esta obtención independientemente de la fuente. Entre las personas que no pudieron acceder a todos los medicamentos, aproximadamente dos de cada tres indicaron como razón principal las dificultades que se encuentran en los servicios financiados con fondos públicos. Hubo un aumento del gasto directo para la compra de medicamentos en Brasil y una reducción del acceso a través del SUS entre los usuarios del sistema.

Inadequacies of gestational weight gain: prevalence and association with sociodemographic characteristics and the living environment / Inadequações do ganho de peso gestacional: prevalência e associação com características sociodemográficas e do ambiente de moradia

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association of gestational weight gain inadequacies with sociodemographic indicators and characteristics of the living environment. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 with a probabilistic sample of 3580 postpartum women who gave birth in maternity hospitals of the Unified Health System in the State of Santa Catarina. Prevalence was calculated and, using logistic regression models, odd ratios of inadequate and adequate gestational weight gain were estimated according to sociodemographic and health indicators (Body Mass Index, age, marital status, race/skin color and education); and characteristics of the neighborhood (violence, social cohesion, encouragement to practice physical activity and access to healthy food). Results It was observed that 29.6% of the mothers had adequate gestational weight gain, 29.3% insufficient and 41.1% excessive gestational weight gain. Lower chances of adequate weight gain were found in women with pre-pregnancy body mass index classified as overweight (43.0%) and obesity (58.0%) and who lived in an environment with social cohesion (25.0%). In contrast, the chances of adequate weight gain were 43.0% higher among women with 12 years of schooling or more when compared to those with 8 years or less. Conclusion Inadequate gestational weight gain is associated with high pre-pregnancy body mass index, with social cohesion in the living environment and with a low level of education of the pregnant woman, requiring public policies that go beyond prenatal care.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação do ganho de inadequações do peso gestacional com indicadores sociodemográficos e características do ambiente de residência. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado em 2019, com amostra probabilística de 3.580 puérperas que realizaram o parto no Sistema Único de Saúde em maternidades do Estado de Santa Catarina. Foram calculadas as prevalências e, por meio de modelos de regressão logística, foram estimadas razões de chance de ganho de peso gestacional inadequado e adequado, segundo indicadores sociodemográficos e de saúde (Índice de Massa Corporal, idade, estado civil, raça/cor da pele e escolaridade) e características da vizinhança de residência (violência, coesão social, estímulo à prática de atividade física e acesso à alimentação saudável). Resultados Observou-se que 29,6% das puérperas tiveram ganho de peso gestacional adequado, 29,3% insuficiente e 41,1% excessivo. Menores chances de ganho de peso adequado foram encontradas em mulheres com índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional de sobrepeso (43,0%) e obesidade (58,0%) e que viviam em ambiente com coesão social (25,0%). Já as chances de ganho de peso adequado foram 43,0% maiores entre as mulheres com 12 anos ou mais de estudo quando comparadas àquelas com 8 anos ou menos. Conclusão O ganho de peso gestacional inadequado está associado com o índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional elevado, com a coesão social no ambiente de moradia e com a baixa escolaridade da gestante, exigindo políticas públicas que transcendam o cuidado básico do pré-natal.

Prevalências e desigualdades no acesso aos medicamentos por usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil em 2013 e 2019 / Prevalence rates and inequalities in access to medicines by users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in 2013 and 2019 / Prevalencias y desigualdades en el acceso a los medicamentos por parte de los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil en 2013 y 2019

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e comparar a prevalência, a forma de obtenção e os fatores associados ao acesso a medicamentos entre usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. Foram analisados os dados das edições 2013 e 2019 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, estudo de abrangência nacional e representativo da população brasileira. Os desfechos foram: (1) a obtenção total, por meio do SUS, dos medicamentos prescritos em atendimentos em saúde realizados no próprio SUS nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista, e (2) a obtenção total dos medicamentos independentemente da fonte. Características demográficas e socioeconômicas foram incluídas como variáveis independentes. Em 2019, observou-se que 29,7% dos entrevistados obtiveram no SUS todos os medicamentos prescritos, que 81,8% tiveram acesso total aos medicamentos quando consideradas todas as fontes de obtenção e que 56,4% pagaram algum valor pelos medicamentos. A proporção de pessoas que não obtiveram nenhum medicamento no SUS e que efetuaram algum desembolso direto aumentou entre 2013 e 2019. A probabilidade de obter todos os medicamentos no SUS foi maior entre os mais pobres, e de consegui-los, independentemente da fonte, foi maior entre os mais ricos. Dentre as pessoas que não conseguiram acesso a todos os medicamentos, aproximadamente duas em cada três indicaram como principal motivo dificuldades de obtenção encontradas em serviços financiados pelo setor público. Verificou-se ampliação do desembolso direto para compra de medicamentos no Brasil e redução de acesso pelo SUS entre usuários do sistema.

The study aimed to analyze and compare the prevalence of access to medicines and associated factors among users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The authors analyzed data from the 2013 and 2019 editions of the Brazilian National Health Survey, a nationwide health study, representative of the Brazilian population. The outcomes were: (1) obtaining from the SUS all the medicines prescribed during care received in the SUS itself in the two weeks prior to the interview (2) and obtaining all the medicines, regardless of the source. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were included as independent variables. In 2019, 29.7% of the interviewees obtained all the prescribed medicines from the SUS, 81.8% obtained all the medicines in general (considering all sources), and 56.4% paid some amount for the medicines. The proportion who did obtain any medicine from the SUS and that made some out-of-pocket payment increased from 2013 to 2019. The likelihood of obtaining all the medicines in the SUS was higher among the poorest, and that of obtaining the medicines regardless of source was higher among the wealthiest. Approximately two out of three persons that were unable to access all the medicines reported difficulties obtaining them in services funded by the public sector. There was an increase in out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Brazil and a reduction in access through the SUS, among users of the system.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y comparar la prevalencia, la forma de obtención y los factores asociados al acceso a los medicamentos entre los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en Brasil. Se analizaron los datos de las ediciones 2013 y 2019 de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, un estudio de cobertura nacional y representativo de la población brasileña. Los resultados fueron: (1) la obtención total, a través del SUS, de los medicamentos prescritos en los servicios de salud realizados en el propio SUS en las dos semanas anteriores a la entrevista, y (2) la obtención total de los medicamentos independientemente de la fuente. Las características demográficas y socioeconómicas se incluyeron como variables independientes. En 2019 se observó que el 29,7% de los entrevistados obtuvo todos los medicamentos prescritos en el SUS, que el 81,8% tuvo acceso total a los medicamentos al considerar todas las fuentes de obtención y que el 56,4% pagó por los medicamentos. La proporción de personas que no obtuvieron ningún medicamento en el SUS y que realizaron algún gasto directo aumentó entre 2013 y 2019. Entre los pobres, la probabilidad de obtener todos los medicamentos del SUS fue mayor, y entre los más ricos también fue mayor esta obtención independientemente de la fuente. Entre las personas que no pudieron acceder a todos los medicamentos, aproximadamente dos de cada tres indicaron como razón principal las dificultades que se encuentran en los servicios financiados con fondos públicos. Hubo un aumento del gasto directo para la compra de medicamentos en Brasil y una reducción del acceso a través del SUS entre los usuarios del sistema.

Prevalence of physical activity and associated factors among pregnant women: a cross-sectional population-based study in southern Brazil / Prevalência de atividade física e fatores associados entre gestantes: estudo transversal de base populacional no sul do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence of sufficient leisure-time physical activity (LPA) in the trimesters of pregnancy and to test its association with sociodemographic and contextual characteristics. Methods: cross-sectional study that in 2019 analyzed data from 3580 pregnant women residing in Santa Catarina, Brazil. LPA was categorized as "active" (150 minutes or more of LPA/week) and "inactive" (less than 150 minutes). Results: the prevalence for the recommended level of LPA was 15.3% (CI95%= 14.1-16.4) before pregnancy, gradually declining to 7.8% (CI95%= 7.3-8.7), 7.3% (CI95%= 6.58.2), and 5.8% (CI95%= 5.1-6.7) in the following trimesters of pregnancy. Higher level of education was associated with the four outcomes, increasing the chance of being active by 79% in the third trimester of pregnancy. In the second trimester, living in a neighborhood that stimulates physical activity increased the chance of being active by 39%. In the third trimester, having received guidance from a health professional was associated with an increase of 60% in the chance of practicing LPA. Conclusion: the prevalence of recommended LPA is low among pregnant women and living in a neighborhood favorable to outdoor practices, greater education level and receiving guidance from health professionals increased the chance of pregnant women to be active.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a prevalência de atividade física no lazer (AFL) suficiente nos trimestres da gravidez e testar sua associação com características sociodemográficas e contextuais. Métodos: estudo transversal que analisou em 2019 dados de 3.580 gestantes residentes em Santa Catarina, Brasil. AFL foi categorizada como "ativa" (150 minutos ou mais de LPA / semana) e "inativa" (menos de 150 minutos por semana). Resultados: a prevalência para o nível recomendado de AFL foi de 15,3% (IC95%= 14,116,4) antes da gravidez, diminuindo gradualmente para 7,8% (IC95%= 7,3-8,7), 7,3% (IC95%= 6,5-8,2), e 5,8% (IC95%= 5,1-6,7) nos trimestres seguintes da gravidez. Maior escolaridade foi associada aos quatro desfechos, aumentando a chance de ser ativa em 79% no terceiro trimestre da gravidez. No segundo trimestre, morar em um bairro que estimula a atividade física aumentou em 39% a chance de ser ativa. Já no terceiro trimestre, ter recebido orientação de profissional de saúde esteve associado a um aumento de 60% na chance de praticar AFL. Conclusão: a prevalência de AFL recomendada é baixa entre gestantes e morar em bairro favorável a atividades ao ar livre, maior escolaridade e receber orientação de profissionais de saúde aumentam a chance de gestantes serem ativas.

Inequalities in the access to healthy urban structure and housing: an analysis of the Brazilian census data.

This study aims (1) to test the association between access to basic sanitation/hygiene services in Brazilian households with their householders' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; (2) to analyze the distribution of urban health-relevant elements in the census tracts according to their income, education and race/color composition. The information come from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census, which collected data regarding both household conditions and urban structure of the census tracts. Prevalence ratios were calculated using crude and adjusted Poisson regression models. The proportional distribution of the census-tract urban structure was performed, according to the deciles of the exploratory variables, and the ratios and the absolute differences between the extreme deciles were calculated. Around 4.8% of the households had no piped water, 34.7% had no sewage collection system, 9.8% had no garbage collection and 39% were considered inadequate. Families whose householders were black, indigenous or brown had lower income and educational level, and lived in the North, Northeast, and Central West regions. They were more likely to be considered inappropriate for not having piped water, sewage collection system, and garbage collection. Moreover, sectors where the majority of the population was black, had lower educational levels and lower income had significantly poor paving, street lighting, afforestation, storm drain, sidewalk and wheelchair ramp. This study analyzed national data from 2010 and provides a baseline for future studies and government planning. The relevant social inequalities reported in this study need to be addressed by effective public policies.

From prenatal care to childbirth: a cross-sectional study on the influence of a companion on good obstetric practices in the Brazilian National Health System in Santa Catarina State, 2019. / Do pré-natal ao parto: um estudo transversal sobre a influência do acompanhante nas boas práticas obstétricas no Sistema Único de Saúde em Santa Catarina, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze association between presence of a companion during prenatal consultations and childbirth and quality of care received by puerperal women using the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with puerperal women who underwent prenatal care and delivery on the SUS in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2019, and who were interviewed within 48 hours postpartum. Prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: 3,580 puerperal women were interviewed. In prenatal care, presence of a companion was positively associated with receiving guidance from health professionals (PR=1.27 - 95%CI 1.08;1.50) and building a birth plan (PR=1.51 - 95%CI 1.15;1.97). At delivery, presence of a companion was associated with greater receipt of analgesics (PR=2.89 - 95%CI 1.40;5.97), non-pharmacological pain relief management (PR=1.96 - 95%CI 1.44;2.65), choice of position for delivery (PR=1.63 - 95%CI 1.24;2.16) and less likelihood of being strapped down (PR=0.47 - 95%CI 0.35;0.63). CONCLUSION: Presence of a companion during prenatal care and delivery was associated with better quality of care.

Inequalities in the access to healthy urban structure and housing: an analysis of the Brazilian census data / Desigualdades no acesso a infraestrutura urbana e moradia saudáveis: uma análise dos dados do censo brasileiro / Inequidades en el acceso a entornos urbanos saludables y vivienda: un análisis de datos del censo brasileño

Abstract: This study aims (1) to test the association between access to basic sanitation/hygiene services in Brazilian households with their householders' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; (2) to analyze the distribution of urban health-relevant elements in the census tracts according to their income, education and race/color composition. The information come from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census, which collected data regarding both household conditions and urban structure of the census tracts. Prevalence ratios were calculated using crude and adjusted Poisson regression models. The proportional distribution of the census-tract urban structure was performed, according to the deciles of the exploratory variables, and the ratios and the absolute differences between the extreme deciles were calculated. Around 4.8% of the households had no piped water, 34.7% had no sewage collection system, 9.8% had no garbage collection and 39% were considered inadequate. Families whose householders were black, indigenous or brown had lower income and educational level, and lived in the North, Northeast, and Central West regions. They were more likely to be considered inappropriate for not having piped water, sewage collection system, and garbage collection. Moreover, sectors where the majority of the population was black, had lower educational levels and lower income had significantly poor paving, street lighting, afforestation, storm drain, sidewalk and wheelchair ramp. This study analyzed national data from 2010 and provides a baseline for future studies and government planning. The relevant social inequalities reported in this study need to be addressed by effective public policies.

Resumo: Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) testar a associação entre os serviços de saneamento básico/higiene nos domicílios brasileiros e as características socioeconômicas e demográficas dos/das chefes de família e (2) analisar a distribuição dos elementos urbanos relacionados à saúde nos distritos sanitários de acordo com a composição de renda, escolaridade e raça/cor. Os dados foram obtidos do Censo Demográfico de 2010, que coletou informações sobre as condições do domicílio e a infraestrutura urbana dos distritos censitários. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência, usando modelos de regressão Poisson simples e ajustada. Foi avaliada a distribuição proporcional da infraestrutura urbana nos distritos censitários de acordo com os decis das variáveis exploratórias, e foram calculadas as razões e diferenças absolutas entre os decis extremos. Cerca de 4,8% dos domicílios não dispunham de água encanada, 34,7% faltavam esgotamento sanitário, 9,8% não tinham coleta de lixo e 39% das moradias eram consideradas inadequadas. Os domicílios chefiados por pretos/as, pardos/as ou indígenas apresentavam níveis mais baixos de renda e escolaridade, e aqueles localizados no Norte, Nordeste e Centro-oeste tinham níveis maiores de moradia inadequada e falta de água encanada, esgotamento sanitário e coleta de lixo. Além disso, os distritos com maioria negra e com menores níveis de escolaridade e renda apresentavam menores coberturas de pavimentação, iluminação e arborização de ruas, galerias pluviais, calçadas e rampas para cadeira de rodas. O estudo analisou os dados de 2010 e estabeleceu uma linha de base para estudos futuros e planejamento de políticas de governo. As desigualdades sociais relevantes relatadas no estudo devem ser enfrentadas com políticas públicas efetivas.

Resumen: Los objetivos de este estudio son: (1) probar la asociación entre el acceso a servicios básicos de higiene y saneamiento en los hogares brasileños con sus principales características socioeconómicas y demográficas; (2) analizar la distribución de elementos urbanos relevantes para la salud en secciones censales, según la composición de sus ingresos, educación y raza/color. Los datos provienen del Censo Demográfico de 2010, que recogió datos, tanto respecto a las condiciones de los hogares, como al entorno urbano de las secciones censales. Las ratios de prevalencia se calcularon usando modelos de regresión crudos y ajustados de Poisson. Se realizó una distribución proporcional de las secciones censales relacionadas con el entorno urbano, según deciles de las variables exploratorias y las ratios, y se calcularon las diferencias absolutas entre los deciles extremos. Alrededor de un 4,8% de los hogares no contaban con agua canalizada, 34,7% no tenían un sistema de alcantarillado, un 9,8% no tenían recogida de basuras y un 39% de los hogares fueron considerados inadecuados. Hogares, cuyas cabezas de familia eran negros, indígenas o mulatos/mestizos, tenían bajos ingresos, educación, y vivían en el Norte, Noreste, y Centro-oeste tuvieron más probabilidad de ser considerados inapropiados, no contar con agua canalizada, sistema de alcantarillado y recogida de basuras. Además, los sectores donde la mayoría de la población era negra, con bajos niveles educativos e ingresos más bajos tenían significativamente menos cobertura de pavimentación, iluminación de calles, forestación, alcantarillado pluvial, aceras y rampas de acceso para sillas de ruedas. Este estudio analizó los datos nacionales desde 2010 y proporciona una base de referencia para futuros estudios y planificación gubernamental. Las inequidades relevantes sociales reflejadas en este estudio necesitan que ser tratadas mediante políticas públicas eficientes.

Prevalência de consulta odontológica e fatores associados à sua realização durante o pré-natal: estudo transversal com puérperas em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde, Santa Catarina, 2019 / Consulta odontológica y factores asociados durante la atención prenatal: estudio transversal con puérperas en hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2019 / Prevalence of dental visits and its associated factors during prenatal care: a cross-sectional study with puerperal women in hospitals covered by the Brazilian National Health System, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de consulta odontológica e fatores associados a sua realização durante o pré-natal. Métodos: Estudo transversal, baseado em entrevistas com puérperas em 31 hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2019. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, econômicos e relacionados ao pré-natal. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas, mediante regressão logística, para calcular razões de chances (odds ratio, OR). Resultados: Foram incluídas 3.580 puérperas e 41,4% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 39,7;43,0%) realizaram consulta odontológica durante o pré-natal. Maior chance de consulta odontológica foi observada com maior escolaridade (OR=1,35 - IC95% 1,06;1,71) e maior número de consultas médicas/de enfermagem (OR=1,97 - IC95% 1,47;2,65); diminuiu essa chance não ter trabalho remunerado (OR=0,82 - IC95% 0,70;0,96) e não participar de atividade educativa no SUS (OR=0,63 - IC95% 0,52;0,77). Conclusão: Fatores relacionados a escolaridade, emprego, consultas de pré-natal e atividades educativas aumentaram a chance da consulta odontológica na gravidez em Santa Catarina.

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la consulta odontológica durante la atención prenatal. Métodos: Estudio transversal a partir de entrevistas a puérperas de 31 hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) de Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2019. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos, económicos y prenatales. Se realizaron análisis multivariados mediante regresión logística para calcular las razones de probabilidades (OR, razón de probabilidades). Resultados: Se incluyeron 3.580 puérperas y el 41,4% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%] 39,7;43,0%) se sometió a consultas dentales durante la atención prenatal. Se observó una mayor probabilidad de consulta a mayor escolaridad (OR=1,35 - IC95% 1,06;1,71) y un mayor número de consultas médicas/de enfermería (OR=1,97 - IC95% 1,47;2,65); disminuyó la probabilidad el no tener trabajo remunerado (OR=0,82 - IC95% 0,70;0,96) y no participar en una actividad educativa en el SUS (OR=0,63 - IC95% 0,52;0,77). Conclusión: Los factores relacionados con la educación, el empleo, las consultas prenatales y las actividades educativas aumentaron la posibilidad de consultas dentales durante el embarazo en Santa Catarina.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of dental visits and its associated factors during prenatal care. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on interviews conducted with puerperal women in 31 hospitals covered by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2019. Sociodemographic, economic and prenatal-related data were collected. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR). Results: 3,580 puerperal women and 41.4% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 39.7;43%) underwent dental visits during prenatal care. Higher chance of dental visits was associated with higher education level (OR=1.35 - 95%CI 1.06;1.71) and a higher number of medical/nursing consultations (OR= 1.97 - 95%CI 1.47;2.65); this chance decreased when the puerperal women did not have paid work (OR=0.82 - 95%CI 0.70;0.96) and did not take part in education activities offered by the SUS (OR=0.63 - 95%CI 0.52;0.77). Conclusion: Factors related to schooling, employment, prenatal care and education activities increased the chance of dental visits during pregnancy in Santa Catarina State.

Do pré-natal ao parto: um estudo transversal sobre a influência do acompanhante nas boas práticas obstétricas no Sistema Único de Saúde em Santa Catarina, 2019 / Desde la atención prenatal hasta el parto: un estudio transversal sobre la influencia del acompañante en las buenas prácticas obstétricas el Sistema Único de Salud en Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2019 / From prenatal care to childbirth: a cross-sectional study on the influence of a companion on good obstetric practices in the Brazilian National Health System in Santa Catarina State, 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a associação da presença de acompanhante no pré-natal e parto com a qualidade da assistência recebida por usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos Estudo transversal com puérperas que realizaram pré-natal e parto pelo SUS em Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2019, entrevistadas em até 48 horas após o parto. Estimaram-se as razões de prevalências mediante regressão de Poisson. Resultados Entrevistaram-se 3.580 puérperas. No pré-natal, a presença de acompanhante associou-se positivamente ao recebimento de orientações pelos profissionais da saúde (RP=1,27 - IC95% 1,08;1,50) e à construção do plano de parto (RP=1,51 - IC95% 1,15;1,97). No parto, a presença de acompanhante associou-se ao maior recebimento de analgesia (RP=2,89 - IC95% 1,40;5,97), manobra não farmacológica para alívio da dor (RP=1,96 - IC95% 1,44;2,65), escolha da posição para o parto (RP=1,63 - IC95% 1,24;2,16) e menor probabilidade de ser amarrada (RP=0,47 - IC95% 0,35;0,63). Conclusão A presença de acompanhante no pré-natal e parto mostrou-se associada à melhor qualidade da assistência.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre presencia de acompañante durante atención prenatal y parto con la calidad de atención que reciben las usuarias del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Métodos Estudio transversal con puérperas que recibieron atención prenatal y parto por el SUS en Santa Catarina, Brasil, en 2019, entrevistadas hasta 48 horas posparto. Las razones de prevalencia se estimaron mediante la regresión de Poisson. Resultados Se entrevistaron 3,580 puérperas. En la atención prenatal, la presencia de acompañante se asoció positivamente a recibir orientación de los profesionales de salud (RP=1,27 - IC95% 1,08; 1,50) y la construcción del plan de parto (RP=1,51 - IC95% 1,15; 1,97). En el momento del parto, se asoció con mayor recepción de analgesia (RP=2,89 - IC95% 1,40;5,97), maniobras no-farmacológicas para alivio del dolor (RP=1,96 - IC95% 1,44;2,65), elección de la posición para el parto (RP=1,63 - IC95% 1,24;2,16) y menor probabilidad de estar atada (RP=0,47 - IC95% 0,35;0,63). Conclusión La presencia de acompañante en la atención prenatal y el parto se asoció con una mejor calidad de la atención.

Objective: To analyze association between presence of a companion during prenatal consultations and childbirth and quality of care received by puerperal women using the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Methods This was a cross-sectional study with puerperal women who underwent prenatal care and delivery on the SUS in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 2019, and who were interviewed within 48 hours postpartum. Prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. Results 3,580 puerperal women were interviewed. In prenatal care, presence of a companion was positively associated with receiving guidance from health professionals (PR=1.27 - 95%CI 1.08;1.50) and building a birth plan (PR=1.51 - 95%CI 1.15;1.97). At delivery, presence of a companion was associated with greater receipt of analgesics (PR=2.89 - 95%CI 1.40;5.97), non-pharmacological pain relief management (PR=1.96 - 95%CI 1.44;2.65), choice of position for delivery (PR=1.63 - 95%CI 1.24;2.16) and less likelihood of being strapped down (PR=0.47 - 95%CI 0.35;0.63). Conclusion Presence of a companion during prenatal care and delivery was associated with better quality of care.

Orientações às gestantes no pré-natal: a importância do cuidado compartilhado na atenção primária em saúde / Guidelines to pregnant women: the importance of the shared care in primary health care / Guidelines to pregnant women: the importance of the shared care in primary health care

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre a adequação das orientações recebidas durante o pré-natal e o profissional que atendeu a gestante na maioria das consultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método Participaram 3.111 puérperas que realizaram pré-natal pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Estado de Santa Catarina em 2019, através de questionário aplicado em ambiente hospitalar até 48 horas pós-parto. Analisou-se associação entre a variável de exposição principal e covariáveis, e o desfecho segundo profissional que atendeu no pré-natal. Resultados As orientações mais frequentes foram os sinais de riscos na gestação (80,3%) e riscos de automedicação (76,9%). Observaram-se prevalências abaixo de 50% nas orientações sobre manejo adequado da amamentação (45,9%) e possibilidade de visitar a maternidade antes do parto (38,2%); ter recebido todas as orientações ao menos uma vez durante o pré-natal foi de 18,4%. Gestantes atendidas na maioria das consultas pelos profissionais médico e enfermeiro apresentaram chance 41,0% maior de adequação às orientações, em comparação com aquelas atendidas exclusivamente por médicos. Conclusões e implicações para a prática A prevalência de orientações dadas pelos profissionais de saúde às gestantes foi mais elevada quando o pré-natal foi mais compartilhado entre enfermeiros e médicos, em comparação ao atendimento majoritário por profissional de apenas uma profissão.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la asociación entre la adecuación de las directrices recibidas durante la atención prenatal y el profesional que atendió a la mujer embarazada en la mayoría de las consultas en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Método participaron 3.111 mujeres puérperas que recibieron la atención prenatal a través del Sistema Único de Salud en el Estado de Santa Catarina en 2019, a través de un cuestionario aplicado en un entorno hospitalario hasta 48 horas después del parto. Se analizó la asociación entre la variable de exposición principal y las covariables, y el resultado según el profesional que asistió en la atención prenatal. Resultados las directrices más frecuentes fueron los signos de riesgos en el embarazo (80,3%) y los riesgos de automedicación (76,9%). Se observaron prevalencias inferiores al 50% en las directrices sobre el manejo adecuado de la lactancia materna (45,9%) y la posibilidad de visitar la sala de maternidad antes del parto (38,2%); han recibido todas las directrices al menos una vez durante la atención prenatal fue del 18.4%. Las mujeres embarazadas atendidas en la mayoría de las consultas por profesionales médicos y enfermeras tuvieron un 41% más de posibilidades de adecuarse a las directrices en comparación con las que fueron atendidas exclusivamente por médicos. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica la prevalencia de las directrices otorgadas por los profesionales de la salud a las mujeres embarazadas fue mayor cuando la atención prenatal fue más compartida entre las enfermeras y los médicos en comparación con la mayoría de la atención prestada por profesionales de una sola profesión.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the association between the adequacy of the guidelines received during prenatal care and the professional who assisted the pregnant woman in most consultations in Primary Health Care. Method 3,111 puerperal women who underwent prenatal care by the Unified Health System in the State of Santa Catarina in 2019 participated, through a questionnaire applied in a hospital environment up to 48 hours postpartum. Association between the main exposure variable and covariates with the outcome according to the professional who carried out the prenatal care was analyzed. Results The most frequent guidelines were the signs of risks during pregnancy (80.3%) and risks of self-medication (76.9%). Prevalences below 50% were observed in the guidelines on adequate breastfeeding management (45.9%) and the possibility of visiting the maternity ward before delivery (38.2%); having received all guidelines at least once during prenatal care was 18.4%. Pregnant women assisted in most consultations by physicians and nurses had a 41,0% greater chance of adequacy in the guidelines compared to those assisted exclusively by physicians. Conclusions and implications for practice The prevalence of guidelines given by health professionals for pregnant women was higher when prenatal care was more shared between nurses and physicians in comparison to the majority of care provided by professionals from only one profession.

Education across the life-course and hypertension in adults from Southern Brazil.

The present study examines the association between life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) and hypertension (SAH), focusing on the health impacts of childhood SEP (SEPc), adult SEP (SEPa), as well as SEP mobility. Data from the Brazilian EpiFloripa Cohort Study (n = 1,720; 56% women; 55% <= 30 years) were analyzed. SAH was determined by the average of two measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, previous medical diagnosis or use of anti-hypertensive medication (43% of the sample was hypertensive). The main independent variables were: SEPa - participants' level of education; SEPc - parental educational attainment; and SEP mobility - the socio-economic trajectories from SEPc to SEPa. Five logistic regressions models were adjusted for sex, age or income, and were compared among each other. High SEPa was associated with a 37% reduction in the odds of SAH compared to low SEPa. High SEP over the life course was associated with 34-37% lower odds of SAH compared to persistent low SEP. Mobility models explained more of the outcome variance than the sensitive period model. The results reinforce the importance of education in the risk of SAH and the relevance of a socioeconomic mobility approach for the analysis of social inequalities in health.

Educational strategies for human resources in home health care: 8 years’ experience from Brazil

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To analyze characteristics, enrollments and completion rates of healthcare professionals enrolled in Self-Instructional Online Courses of the Home Health Care Multicentre Qualification Program, developed by the Ministry of Health and the Universidade Aberta do SUS (UNASUS), and its relationship with Home Health Care Teams implementation. Methods. Data were extracted from the Self-Instructional Online Courses’ UNASUS enrollment platform database (2012-2018), cross-referenced with the Health Facilities’ National Database and compared to Home Care General Coordination team’s database. Main outcomes were completion rates and number of courses enrollments, analyzed by sex, age, region, location, profession, workplace, health teams and course type. Results. Men applied to courses slightly more than women and completion rates were higher (37.1 vs 30.5, p < 0.001); there was a small decline in completion rates by age groups (from 32.8% in 18-29 yr to 31.1% in 46-50 yr age group, p < 0.001) and a rise in course enrollment number, probably related to progressively “digital native” generations. Self-Instructional Online Courses were attended in all Brazilian states and reached all municipality sizes, with completion rates rising from 29.9% in the North to 37.3 in the South; 30-hour courses were completed by almost twice as many professionals as 45-hour and 60-hour courses, suggesting that modularity may improve completion rates. State distribution and national coverage suggest adequate range and coincidence between enrollment and Home Health Care Teams distribution. Conclusions. Regional aspects influence professional interaction with courses; the feminization of health professions and women’s lower completion rates suggest the need for a deeper gender perspective in health facilities and training services. Self- Instructional Online Courses for Home Health Care were an important outreach strategy, with professional’s doubts answered more contextually.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Analizar las características, inscripciones y tasas de finalización de los profesionales de la salud inscritos en los cursos de autoaprendizaje en línea del Programa de Cualificación Multicéntrico de Atención Domiciliaria (desarrollado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil y la Universidad Aberta do SUS, UNASUS), y su relación con la implementación de Equipos de Atención Domiciliaria. Métodos. Se extrajeron los datos de la base de datos de la plataforma de inscripción de cursos de autoaprendizaje en línea de la UNASUS (2012-2018); estos se cruzaron con los datos de la Base de Datos Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud y se compararon con la base de datos del equipo de Coordinación General de Atención Domiciliaria. Se analizaron las tasas de finalización y el número de inscripciones en los cursos según sexo, edad, región, ubicación, profesión, lugar de trabajo, equipo de salud y tipo de curso. Resultados. Los varones se inscribieron ligeramente más que las mujeres y las tasas de finalización fueron más elevadas (37,1 frente a 30,5, p < 0,001); hubo una pequeña disminución en las tasas de finalización según la edad (de 32,8% en el grupo de 18 a 29 años a 31,1% en el grupo de 46 a 50 años, p < 0,001) y un aumento en el número de inscripciones en los cursos, probablemente relacionado con generaciones progresivamente más “nativas digitales”. Los cursos tuvieron participantes de todos los estados brasileños y de municipios de todos los tamaños, con tasas de finalización que aumentaron del 29,9% en el norte del país al 37,3% en el sur; los cursos de 30 horas fueron completados por casi el doble de profesionales que los cursos de 45 y 60 horas, lo que sugiere que la modularidad puede mejorar las tasas de finalización. La distribución por estados y la cobertura nacional sugieren un rango adecuado y una coincidencia entre la matrícula de inscriptos y la distribución de los equipos de atención de salud domiciliaria. Conclusiones. Existen factores regionales que influyen en la interacción de los profesionales con los cursos; la feminización de las profesiones sanitarias y las menores tasas de finalización de las mujeres sugieren la necesidad de una perspectiva de género más profunda en los centros de salud y los servicios de capacitación. Los cursos de autoaprendizaje en línea para profesionales de atención de salud domiciliaria fueron una importante estrategia de divulgación, en la que las dudas de los profesionales se resolvieron de manera más contextual.

Education across the life-course and hypertension in adults from Southern Brazil / Educação no ciclo vital e hipertensão em adultos do Sul do Brasil

Abstract The present study examines the association between life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) and hypertension (SAH), focusing on the health impacts of childhood SEP (SEPc), adult SEP (SEPa), as well as SEP mobility. Data from the Brazilian EpiFloripa Cohort Study (n = 1,720; 56% women; 55% <= 30 years) were analyzed. SAH was determined by the average of two measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, previous medical diagnosis or use of anti-hypertensive medication (43% of the sample was hypertensive). The main independent variables were: SEPa - participants' level of education; SEPc - parental educational attainment; and SEP mobility - the socio-economic trajectories from SEPc to SEPa. Five logistic regressions models were adjusted for sex, age or income, and were compared among each other. High SEPa was associated with a 37% reduction in the odds of SAH compared to low SEPa. High SEP over the life course was associated with 34-37% lower odds of SAH compared to persistent low SEP. Mobility models explained more of the outcome variance than the sensitive period model. The results reinforce the importance of education in the risk of SAH and the relevance of a socioeconomic mobility approach for the analysis of social inequalities in health.

Resumo O presente estudo visa examinar a associação entre a posição socioeconômica (SEP) ao longo da vida e a frequência de hipertensão (HAS), com foco nos impactos da SEP durante a infância (SEPc), fase adulta (SEPa) e ao longo da vida. Foram analisados dados do Estudo de Coorte EpiFloripa (n = 1.720, 56% mulheres; 55% <= 30 anos). Determinou-se HAS pela média de duas mensurações de pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica, diagnóstico médico e/ou uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva (43% de hipertensos). As variáveis independentes foram: SEPa - nível educacional dos participantes; SEPc - nível educacional dos pais; e mobilidade de SEP - trajetória socioeconômica de SEPc até SEPa. Cinco modelos de regressão logística foram ajustados para sexo, idade ou renda, e comparados entre si. Alta SEPa foi associada com redução de 37% no odds de HAS quando comparada à baixa SEPa. Alta SEP ao longo da vida foi associada com odds de HAS 34-37% menor quando comparada à baixa SEP ao longo da vida. Modelos de mobilidade explicaram mais da variância do desfecho do que os modelos de período sensível. Os resultados encontrados reforçam a importância da educação para o risco de HAS e a relevância da mobilidade de SEP para as desigualdades sociais em saúde.

Neonatal screening tests in Brazil: prevalence rates and regional and socioeconomic inequalities / Realização dos testes de triagem neonatal no Brasil: prevalências e desigualdades regionais e socioeconômicas

Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence and associated factors with the performance of the Guthrie test, hearing, and red reflex screening tests in Brazil. Methods: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study that analyzed data on 5,231 children under 2 years of age participating in the National Health Survey of 2013. The study described the prevalence and Confidence Intervals (95% CI) of the three neonatal screening tests performed, in any period, and their association with the country's regions, skin color/ethnicity, private health insurance, and per capita household income. Logistic regression models were used, and odds ratios were calculated by incorporating sample weights. Results: The prevalence of Guthrie test screening in Brazil at any time of life was 96.5%, that of the newborn hearing screening was 65.8% and that of the red reflex screening test was 60.4%. The performance of the three screening tests was significantly higher among children whose mothers/guardians reported higher per capita household income, who lived in the South and Southeast regions, and who had private health insurance (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the performance of the tests according to skin color/ethnicity (p > 0.05). The same inequalities were verified when the tests were performed during the recommended periods, with a strong socioeconomic gradient. Conclusions: There are inequalities in the performance of neonatal screening tests in the country, and also in the performance of these tests during the periods established in the governmental guidelines. The guarantee of the performance of these tests in a universal and public health system, as in Brazil, should promote equity and access to the entire population.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar prevalência e fatores associados à realização dos testes do pezinho, da orelhinha e do olhinho no Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal analítico de base populacional que analisou os dados de 5.231 crianças menores de dois anos participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013). Foram descritas prevalências e intervalos de confiança (95% IC) da realização dos três testes de triagem neonatal, em qualquer período, e sua associação com as regiões do país, cor/etnia, posse de plano de saúde e renda domiciliar per capita. Empregaram-se modelos de regressão logística e calcularam-se as odds ratio e incorporaram-se os pesos amostrais. Resultados: A prevalência de realização do teste do pezinho no Brasil em qualquer momento de vida foi de 96,5%; do teste da orelhinha de 65,8% e do teste do olhinho de 60,4%. A realização dos três testes de triagem foi significativamente maior entre as crianças cujas mães/responsáveis reportaram maior renda domiciliar per capita, residiam nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e tinham plano de saúde (p < 0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na realização dos testes segundo cor/etnia (p > 0,05). As mesmas desigualdades foram verificadas para a realização dos testes no período preconizado, com forte gradiente socioeconômica. Conclusões: Existem desigualdades na realização dos testes de triagem neonatal no país e, também, na realização desses dentro dos prazos previstos nas diretrizes governamentais. A garantia desses testes em um sistema universal e público como no Brasil deveria promover a equidade e o acesso a toda a população.

Quantifying and explaining variation in life expectancy at census tract, county, and state levels in the United States.

Studies on geographic inequalities in life expectancy in the United States have exclusively focused on single-level analyses of aggregated data at state or county level. This study develops a multilevel perspective to understanding variation in life expectancy by simultaneously modeling the geographic variation at the levels of census tracts (CTs), counties, and states. We analyzed data from 65,662 CTs, nested within 3,020 counties and 48 states (plus District of Columbia). The dependent variable was age-specific life expectancy observed in each of the CTs. We also considered the following CT-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as independent variables: population density; proportions of population who are black, who are single parents, who are below the federal poverty line, and who are aged 25 or older who have a bachelor's degree or higher; and median household income. Of the total geographic variation in life expectancy at birth, 70.4% of the variation was attributed to CTs, followed by 19.0% for states and 10.7% for counties. The relative importance of CTs was greater for life expectancy at older ages (70.4 to 96.8%). The CT-level independent variables explained 5 to 76.6% of between-state variation, 11.1 to 58.6% of between-county variation, and 0.7 to 44.9% of between-CT variation in life expectancy across different age groups. Our findings indicate that population inequalities in longevity in the United States are primarily a local phenomenon. There is a need for greater precision and targeting of local geographies in public policy discourse aimed at reducing health inequalities in the United States.

Neonatal screening tests in Brazil: prevalence rates and regional and socioeconomic inequalities.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and associated factors with the performance of the Guthrie test, hearing, and red reflex screening tests in Brazil. METHODS: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study that analyzed data on 5,231 children under 2 years of age participating in the National Health Survey of 2013. The study described the prevalence and Confidence Intervals (95% CI) of the three neonatal screening tests performed, in any period, and their association with the country's regions, skin color/ethnicity, private health insurance, and per capita household income. Logistic regression models were used, and odds ratios were calculated by incorporating sample weights. RESULTS: The prevalence of Guthrie test screening in Brazil at any time of life was 96.5%, that of the newborn hearing screening was 65.8% and that of the red reflex screening test was 60.4%. The performance of the three screening tests was significantly higher among children whose mothers/guardians reported higher per capita household income, who lived in the South and Southeast regions, and who had private health insurance (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the performance of the tests according to skin color/ethnicity (p>0.05). The same inequalities were verified when the tests were performed during the recommended periods, with a strong socioeconomic gradient. CONCLUSIONS: There are inequalities in the performance of neonatal screening tests in the country, and also in the performance of these tests during the periods established in the governmental guidelines. The guarantee of the performance of these tests in a universal and public health system, as in Brazil, should promote equity and access to the entire population.